1-WWI+Russian+Civil+War

=Emilie Hotz - Red's vs White's= g[|image] (red has been the color of revolution since the French Revolution) Revolutionaries l ead by Lenin and Bolsheviks(lenin’s communist party) including:
 * Reds: **

__Farmers and Peasants__ who were deprived, oppressed and poverty stricken. Russia was the last European power to abolish the feudal system and their peasants were still under powerful landlords. Furthermore, by 1905 only 18% of Russia was urban meaning the majority of people were poor farmers. The Tsar controlled people with the secret police, and tried to sooth their suffering through weak ineffective land reforms.

__Soldiers__ under the Tsar committed mutiny and revolted against him as they realized they were being sent into WWI without any hope of winning as the Germans conquered the Eastern Front.

__Middle Class Intellectuals/Professionals__ Reds also Included professionals such as lawyers, doctors, and teachers who were part of the Russian group known as the intelligentsia. They were typically Liberal and socialist in politics and were known for their opposition to the ruling of the Tsar. The educated population of Russia demanded civil and political rights and worked to establish a constitutional political order.

[|image] (white has traditionally been the color of royalty). Classified as those who supported the Tsar and were anti-communist. The White Army generally believed in a united multinational Russia, and opposed separatists who wanted to create nation-states instead of the Tsarist Russian Empire. They were sometimes characterised with Anti-semitism and b elieved they would bring law and order and the salvation of Russia, fighting against traitors, barbarians, and murderers. They received western allies’ support (United States, England and Canada). The White Army was significantly larger than the Red Army but besides having no set ideology or leader, they were also lukewarm towards preserving the tsar rule as opposed to the reds who were sick and tired of their living conditions and would go to any extreme to change them.
 * Whites **

1) Production should be run by the state. No Private ownership 2) State control was to be granted over the labour of every citizen. 3) The state should produce everything in its own undertakings. The state tried to control the activities of millions of peasants.
 * Lenin’s “war communism” **

-Murdered those who didn't support the revolution which was so ruthless, it was opposed by communists themselves.
 * Red Terror **

Military force “prompted” food production on farms for the war without payment. This allowed the Reds to win the civil war but had disastrous results for Russians. Farmers responded by only growing for themselves as they knew extras would be taken for the state. Entire cities starved especially when there was a bad harvest. Hundreds migrated to the countryside to grow food for themselves. Over 7.5 million russians died to disease and starvation.
 * Lenin’s Way of Handling War and Revolution **

-Demand that Russia give up Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, the Ukraine and the Transcaucasia. These areas were to be occupied by German troops and supply Germany with much needed supplies (the treaty was never enforced because Germany lost the war and the Allies did not give Germany any territories [|image]
 * 1917 The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk **

With Lenin's death in 1923, war communism became the permanent policy of the Soviet Union. Leon Trotsky had set up the "militarized labor" organizing the entire country like the armies in the civil war. In his 1920 book, " Terrorism or Communism", he argues that people are naturally lazy and strive to avoid labor and therefore the Soviet Union needed to base its economy on a forced labor service with severe punishments. In the end, although Trotsky did not triumph, his policy of coerced labor was firmly established by Stalin, to the point of mass labor camps.

Overall, the transition in Russia over the space of four years was remarkable – the fall of an autocracy and the establishment of the world’s first communist government.

"History 20." Online Learning Centre. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Oct. 2013. . = = = = = = =AMIR - Allied Expeditionary Force in Russia=
 * Why did the Allies send forces to Russia during the Civil War?
 * o Initial stated goals
 * § Help the Czechoslovak Legions - volunteer armed forces composed predominantly of Czechs and Slovaks fighting together with the Entente powers during World War I [Wikipedia]
 * § Secure supplies of munitions and armaments in Russian ports
 * § Re-establish the Eastern front [3]
 * Border between (Russian Empire + Romania) and (Austria-Hungary + Bulgaria + Germany)
 * o 3 Subsections
 * § Prevent German or Bolshevik capture of Allied material stockpiles in Arkhangelsk
 * § Aid Czechoslovak Legions stranded on the Trans-Siberian Railroad
 * § Reopen the Eastern Front [3]
 * Defeating the Bolshevik army with help from the Czechoslovak Legions
 * Expand anti-Bolshevik force - Bolshevik = became the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The Bolsheviks came to power in Russia during the October Revolution phase of the Russian Revolution of 1917, and founded the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic which would later become the chief constituent of the Soviet Union in 1922. [Wikipedia]
 * o Local citizens
 * o Stop the “Red Spread” of communism and the Bolshevik cause in Russia
 * To what extent were they involved in the course of the conflict, and what factors limited greater involvement?
 * o Backed the “White” Russian Forces (Tsarist, anti-Bolshevik) [1] [4]
 * o After exiting the war, Allied forces saw their White allies fall to the Red Bolsheviks, leading to the collapse of the State
 * o Limited by [5]
 * § Differences in objectives
 * § Lack of coherent Strategy
 * § Weariness of Wartime
 * § Major Lack of Public Support
 * § Evacuation of Czechoslovak Legion
 * o These factors combined meant Allied Forces withdrew in 1920
 * o Japan occupied parts of Siberia and Northern Sakhalin until 1922
 * o Allied Forces were Considered Capitalist, Westerners and considered evil by many lesser-informed citizens
 * o Bolsheviks won, establish Soviet Union
 * What were the perceptions of the Red and White forces of the Allied intervention in Russia?
 * o Reds [4]
 * § Perceived the west as Evil Western capitalists intervening in conflicts irrelevant
 * § (SEE BELOW) Bolsheviks won
 * Hated Capitalist Entities
 * Blamed Pro-longing of the war
 * § Fueled/Made the Cold War more likely given the Mutual Distrust between the USSR and the Western States
 * Comb with 1926 Soviet funded British Strike
 * American Denial of Recognition until 1933
 * o Whites [1]
 * § Aiding the State
 * § Preventing Conflict
 * § Considering they were a loose confederation of Anti-Communist forces, they aligned ideologically
 * To what extent could it said that the intervention had a significant effect on their efforts to win the Civil War?
 * o Very much
 * § Prolonged the war
 * § Allied Forces only gave the White Russians sustainability, not the upper hand
 * § Polarized many against/for the cause – Western Capitalist were deemed evil by the reds, and necessary aid by the whites
 * o Only after Allied Withdraw did the Reds begin to turn the tide from continuous conflicts to successful conflicts, circa 1922
 * To what extent was this intervention part of the dynamic of the First World War?
 * o Somewhat [2]
 * § Conflict meant diplomatic efforts were less effective
 * § Reestablished the Easter half of the Eastern Front
 * § Secured Arms and Munitions for Russians in WWI
 * To what extent was the Allied intervention a factor in the course of Soviet relations with western countries and the US after the Civil War?
 * o Major – [4]
 * § Bolsheviks won [1]
 * Hated Capitalist Entities
 * Blamed Pro-longing of the war
 * § Fueled/Made the Cold War more likely given the Mutual Distrust between the USSR and the Western States
 * Comb with 1926 Soviet funded British Strike
 * American Denial of Recognition until 1933

(1) Kenez, Peter, "The Ideology of the White Movement," Soviet Studies, 1980, no. 32. pp. 58-83. (2) Cornish, Nik (2006). The Russian Army and the First World War. Stroud: Tempus. ISBN 1-86227 288-3. (3) Stone, Norman (2004). Eastern Front 1914–1917. Penguin Global. ISBN 0-14-026725-5. (4) Vladimir N. Brovkin. Behind the Front Lines of the Civil War: Political Parties and Social Movements in Russia, 1918–1922. Princeton University Press, 1994. ISBN 0-691-03278-5 (5)David Bullock. The Russian Civil War 1918–22. Osprey Publishing, 2008. ISBN 978-1-84603-271-4



=**Lenin & Bolshevism**=

**Seth Margolis**
 What were the greatest threats to Lenin and the Bolsheviks in terms of staying in power beyond the Revolution and the Civil War?

On November 25, 1917, Russia held its first free election as decided by Lenin. In the results, Lenin and the Bolsheviks only received about a quarter of the votes, while the Socialist Revolutionaries held 62% of the votes. Lenin accepted these results as accurate, however he believed and stated the more “advanced” quarter of people voted for Lenin and the Bolsheviks. When the constituent assembly met following the election, Lenin who was still in power sent heavily armed guards to send the assembly home. The assembly never met again. Whether or not democracy would have been in the best interest of Russia, democracy was not even a topic that was allowed to be discussed. Next, to appeal to the people of Russia who were quite starved due to a terrible food infrastructure, Lenin introduced the policy of “Bread, Land, and Peace.” Bread would please the people who were hardly eating. Land, although against the ideals of communism, would give people the right to their land without having to pay a landlord. And peace, would be the promise to the people that would keep them out of disasters like the previous WWI. The people were happy with the new policy and did not argue Lenin and his keeping of power.

 What were the objectives and the outcomes of the Third International (a.k.a., the Comintern)? To what extent were these objectives and outcomes dictated by the situation for the fledgling Soviet Union?

The Third International, Communist International, or Comintern formed from the split of the Second International, which was based out of Belgium, over the topic of WWI. Vladimir led the left wing of the Second International, which rejected pacifism, and nationalism and believed in “civil war, not civil peace.” After the Bolsheviks gained power Lenin started the Third International in Moscow to promote these ideals. The second meeting had a total of 37 delegates, and is when Lenin introduced the Twenty-one points policy. This required all members of the Comintern to model their countries as stated. This included things such as the propaganda of a country following the guidelines of the Comintern, the removal of nationalists and pacifism, communists must not place trust in the bourgeois party, systematic and methodical agitation of the countryside when deemed necessary. Basically the Third International began the ultimate communist goal of creating a completely equal government, which would dissolve into no government when the time came. When Stalin took power, the decline of the Third International began. Stalin began to take control of the entire Comintern, working against all the progress that was showing in terms of gaining the support of the working class. As the Nazis began to gain power, the Soviet Union and Germany made a treaty to work together. When the Germans attacked the Soviet Union breaking the treaty, Stalin decided to dissolve the Comintern to prevent subversion between Communist powers.

 How were Lenin & Bolshevism perceived outside of Russia? What was the relationship between the Communist Party and other leftist groups such as Socialists and Anarchists after the Bolshevik Revolution?

Lenin and Bolshevism were especially disliked by Nazi Germany. One of Hitler’s main tools of making the public hate the Jews was by publicizing that the Bolsheviks were actually Jews trying to gain power and recapture Poland. This infuriated the German public and fueled a hate for the Jews over an untrue topic. Germany was not the only European country which disliked the Bolsheviks; at Lenin’s funeral Winston Churchill stated on the topic of Lenin and the Russian people, “Their first worst misfortune was his birth…their next worst his death.” The communist ideals went directly against that of the western economies and lifestyles of western European countries and especially the United States. The only reason Russia and the other allies ever got along was because they had a common enemy; Nazi Germany. When Fanya Kaplan, presumably a leftist social revolutionary, tried to assassinate Lenin, the Bolsheviks jumped at the chance to ban SR parties, consolidating all the power to them. The Anarchists and Bolsheviks did not get along well once it was realized that the Anarchists were after pluralism and the Bolsheviks wanted a strong central leader to equal out the masses. When Lenin signed the Brest-Litovsk treaty with Germany, many Anarchists saw that the Bolsheviks were making too many compromises. The Anarchists kept pressing for negotiations. However, the Bolsheviks sent Cheka to raid Anarchist centers. The result was 500 imprisoned Anarchists and 40 dead or wounded Anarchists.

__Bibliography__

"Lecture 7: The Aftermath of the Bolshevik Revolution." Lecture 7: The Aftermath of the Bolshevik Revolution. The History Guide, n.d. Web. 07 Oct. 2013. .

"Third International (association of Political Parties)." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 07 Oct. 2013. .

Anderson, Peter. "Why Did the Bolsheviks Win the Russian Civil War? Peter Anderson Compares the Tactics and Resources of the Two Sides. (Talking Points)." History Review (2002): 22+. Questia School. Web. 7 Oct. 2013.