1-WWI+Paris+Peace+Conf

__ A Peace Built Upon Quicksand __ =**The Armistice**=
 * ** From 1919-25, what events in the major world powers gave clear indications that the Versailles Treaty was not going to result in a lasting peace? Why? **
 * Germany
 * The war guilt clause, reparation payments, and limitations imposed on the German military were particularly burdensome in the minds of most Germans. A revision of the Versailles treaty therefore became a viable platform for the credibility of right wing parties in Germany, such as Hitler’s Nazi Party in the 1920s and 30s. These revisions included promises to rearm, to reclaim German territory, to remilitarize Rhineland, and to regain prominence in the global world order once again. This stoked ultranationalist sentiment and assisted average voters in overlooking some of the more extreme views of the Nazi party.
 * Additionally, the reparations forced upon the German government combined with a general inflationary period in the 1920s caused the spiraling hyperinflation of the German currency (the Reichsmark) that occurred in 1923. Combined with the great depression, this seriously undermined the German economy, as it wiped out nearly all of the personal savings of the middle class, and spurred massive unemployment. This economic chaos dramatically increased social unrest, and significantly destabilized the already fragile Weimar Republic.
 * Other European nations had additional financial problems, especially in the years leading up to the Great Depression. In addition to Germany, many other European countries came out of the Versailles Treaty extremely indebted to the United States. Much resentment was caused by the fact that the United States knew that these European countries had unstable economies, yet still demanded to be paid in gold and dollars, much of which had to be borrowed from creditor nations. This borrowing from creditor nations created even more debt elsewhere.
 * While Europe struggled to rebuild in the 1920s, the United States prospered greatly, as it was the benefactor of a majority of reparations. However, this period of prosperity hid the problems that lay underneath. The treaty had created no international agreements concerning currency stabilization. As a result, it was carried out extremely haphazardly.
 * ** What were the causes and effects of the Ruhr Crisis of 1923? How can it be viewed as both a bolster and an undermining of the Versailles Treaty? **
 * ** Brief Background: ** The Ruhr Crisis of 1923 (also called the Occupation of the Ruhr) occurred in the years 1923-1925, and involved the Occupation of the Ruhr by French and Belgium.
 * Causes:
 * After Germany was forced to admit responsibility for starting the war, reparations demanded from the Global Powers, principally France totaled in over 226 billion gold marks. This sum was decided upon by the Inter-Allied Reparations Commission. Due to economic instability, Germany was consistently defaulting on payments. In 1921, the amount was reduced to 132 billion. This was significantly less, but still an extremely large amount of debt. May payments were made in raw materials, which caused many German factories to become incapable of functioning. By late 1922, German defaults on required payments had become so regular that a crisis arose in the Reparations Commission. The French and Belgian delegates urged the occupation of the Ruhr as a way of forcing the German government into paying more, while the British urged another reduction in reparations owed.
 * In December of 1922, Germany defaulted on a timber delivery. This in particular angered the French, as the timber quota that the Germans defaulted on was based on an assessment of capacity done by the Germans themselves, and was significantly lower than the previous quota. The allies believed that the German government had defaulted on the timber deliveries deliberately as a way of testing the allies’ enforcement of the treaty. The Commission declared Germany in default, which lead to the eventual French-Belgian occupation of the Ruhr in January, 1923.
 * Effects:
 * The Dawes plan was implemented in 1924 in an attempt to solve the German reparations problem and the subsequent occupation. To deal with the plan, a conference took place in London in the months July-August. The British Labor Prime Minister, Ramsay Mcdonald, successfully pressured the French Prime Minister Edouard Harriot into a series of concessions to Germany.
 * In German politics, the crisis accelerated the formation of right-wing political parties. Extremely disoriented by the threat of another war, conservatives in 1922 founded a large amount of nationalist parties.
 * The crisis both undermined and bolstered the Treaty, as it marked the first time that Germany had successfully defied the Treaty itself, and therefore significantly encouraged German confidence in ridding of the treaty altogether. However, the occupation and the threat of a possible war served as warning to Germany of what was to come if they attempted to defy the treaty again.
 * ** What were the causes and effects of the Kapp Putsch, the Ruhr Uprising, and the Munich Putsch in 1923? How can they all be viewed in the context of a growing German rejection of the Versailles Treaty? **
 * Kapp Putsch:
 * Causes:
 * After Germany had lost WWI, the German Revolution of 1918-1919 had ended the monarchy and the German Empire was abolished. A new democratic system, the Weimar Republic, was established in 1919. Right-wing nationalist and militarist circles opposed this new republic due to the stab-in-the-back myth, claiming that the war had only been lost because the brave efforts of the undefeated German military had been undermined by democratic civilians back at home.
 * Although the putsch has been named after Wolfgang Kapp, it was actually started by the military. In 1920, the defense minister ordered the disbandment of the two most powerful Freikorps. This brigade was extremely opposed to the new democratic government, and refused dissolution.
 * Effects:
 * As a consequence of the promises made to the putschists, the National assembly was dissolved and the general election for the first republican Reichstag was brought forward to June.
 * The immediate effects of the putsch throughout Germany were more lasting than in Berlin itself. In many parts of the country, the rebellion had turned into a full armed revolt.
 * Ruhr Uprising:
 * Initially took place in response to the Kapp Putsch of 1920
 * Causes:
 * While the Putsch was takin place in Berlin, in Elberfeld a meeting of representatives of the Communist Party of Germany, the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany, and the Social Democratic Party of Germany was held. These left-wing workers parties decided to form an alliance against the puschists.
 * Effects:
 * After the collapse of the Kapp Putsch, the German government sent in the [|Reichswehr] (the German army) and rightwing [|Freikorps], to crush the ongoing insurgency of the around 50,000 members of the "Red Ruhr Army". This was done with considerable brutality and involved numerous executions.
 * Munich Putsch:
 * Causes:
 * The Putsch grew out of Adolf Hitler’s attempt to exploit the crisis of 1923. Constitutional flaws, Left wing opponents,right wing opponents, and inflation had all made the Weimar government weak and vulnerable. In addition to government vulnerability, the Nazi party had grown in size during the crisis of 1923. The Nazi stormtroopers had therefore grown in size as well, and wanted a revolution.
 * Effects:
 * In the aftermath of the rebellion, the Nazis were defeated and their leaders arrested. Hitler was arrested and put on trail for treason. He was then arrested for nine months, and was prohibited from speaking in public.
 * Hitler had turned his trial into an opportunity for publicity. Prior to the revolution, He had been nothing but an unknown Bavarian politician. In the months following his trail and imprisonment, he had become a national right-wing hero.
 * While in prison, Hitler wrote the Mein Kampf, in which he set out his life-story and beliefs. The book later sold in millions, and succeeded in making him the leader of the right-wing opponents of Weimar.
 * At the conclusion of World War I, the German revolution of 1918-1919 ended the German Empire, and created the Weimar Republic. The Treaty of Versailles was a great burden to the newly formed Weimar Republic, as it was very harsh towards both government and society. The restrictions implemented by the treaty were responsible for a great deal of unrest that resulted from economic strains. This unrest later erupted into the Munich Putsch, the Ruhr Uprising, and the Kapp Putsch of 1923.

__ How was the armistice finally arrived at, and what were its conditions for all belligerents? __ The armistice brought the war to a close in 1918, and was finally arrived at through Germany’s weaknesses. Germany was in no position after years of fighting to go on for any longer. Germany was developing major internal conflicts and needed the war to end. The Allied powers generally wanted a harsh punishment for Germany, however, President Woodrow Wilson wanted to focus on peace agreements. The US threatened to make a separate treaty with Germany if France and Britain weren’t on board, so they decided to give in to the US’s demands. An additional threat to the armistice was Wilson’s insistence upon the removal of the German Kaiser, Wilhelm II, however, the US got its way on this issue as well.

Conditions for the commander in chief of the allied powers and Germany:
 * Cessation of air and land hostilities six hours after the signing of the Armistice
 * 15 days within the signing of the Armistice, all German troops need to be evacuated from Belgium, France, Luxemburg, and Alsace-Lorraine
 * 15 days within the signing, all of the criminals that are convicted or under trial, as well as hostages, need to be released by Germany, and sent back to their home countries.
 * Prisoners of war should be sent back to the Allied powers and the US, and they can deal with them as they see fit.
 * The surrender, in good condition, of: 5,000 guns, 25,000 machine guns, 3,000 trench motars, and 1,700 fighting and bombing airplanes.
 * Within 19-31 days, the evacuation of Germans troops from all territories left of the Rhine bank
 * When the Germans evacuate, they shall not harm or evacuate the territory’s inhabitants or their property
 * Roads should not be destroyed upon exile.
 * The sick and wounded who cannot be evacuated must be left with the necessary materials to care for them.
 * Immediate secession of all hostilities at sea, and the release of captured US or allied submarines.

__ To what extent was the armistice adhered to or violated by the belligerent states in the period between Nov. __ __ 1918 and June 1919? __ Germany Germany defended their actions by saying they could not comply to the armistice demands in this given time period, due to physical incapability and internal conflicts due to social unrest in the country. The Allied countries added a new clause due to Germany’s failure to adhere to the rules set forth by the armistice, namely Germany’s poor treatment of allied prisoners of war and failure to produce sufficient funds. This new clause stated that the generalissimo has the right to occupy the neutral territory to the left of the Rhine. In addition, they added several additional clauses.
 * Failed to properly supply the quantity of naval vessels, air crafts, railroad rolling stock, and war material in the time required by the armistice.
 * Didn't adhere to the agreeance of not harming the territory’s inhabitants; they left live mines in the evacuated territories.
 * Neglected the prisoners of war.

__ To what extent did the armistice serve to dictate the peace process at Versailles? To what extent can it be __ __ argued as a reason for the failure of the treaty to bring a meaningful peace? __ The armistice was very idealistic in regards to Wilson’s 14 points. It did, however, create the foundation for the attitudes held for the peace process at Versailles. Tempers were high during the creation of the armistice, especially those from Britain and France. They wanted Germany to pay for all of the suffering the war has caused their countries. The treaty demanded an extraordinary amount from already-wounded Germany, and placed the entire blame of the war on the Germans. The Germans became humiliated all over again, similar to the start of the war. The treaty was not seen as a peace agreement to the Germans, but more as a cause for more suffering and misery for the German people. This treaty did not bring about a meaningful peace because it simply kicked Germany while it was down. Taking away and distributing its territories ( Alsace-Lorraine, Eupen and Malmedy,Northern Schleswig,Hultschin, and oversea colonies), the army being forcibly reduced to 100,000 men, financial penalties caused a severe blow to Germany’s economy, and the adherence to the war guilt clause, were all ways in which the treaty failed to bring peace. The Allied countries weren't looking to build relations with Germany; they wanted revenge, and for the Germans to suffer for their (forcibly accepted) crimes. Germans didn't have the ability to reject a treaty due to its weakness, and inability to continue war; however, they made their disdain of the treaty apparent. Germany felt unfairly treated by the Allied Countries, and this anger and resentment would only increase until the outbreak of WWII.


 * ** Works Cited: **
 * (United States Memorial Holocaust Museum, //The Treaty of Versailles, 1919//, Holocaust Encyclopedia [], accessed 10/4/2013)
 * Marks, Sally . "The Myths of Reparations." //Central European History//11.3 (1978): 231-255. //JSTOR//. Web. 3 Oct. 2013.
 * Guinnane, Timothy. "FINANCIAL VERGANGENHEITSBEWÄLTIGUNG: THE 1953 LONDON DEBT AGREEMENT."Center Discussion Paper 880 (2004): n. pag. Yale University Economic Growth Center. Web. 3 Oct. 2013.
 * Conventions Prolonging the Armistice with Germany. The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 13, No. 4, Supplement: Official Documents (Oct., 1919), pp. 387-393
 * Conditions of an Armistice with Germany. The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 13, No. 2, Supplement: Official Documents (Apr., 1919), pp. 97-108
 * McElligott, Anthony. Weimar Germany. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. Print.
 * Armistice 1918. by Harry R. Rudin. Review by: René Albrecht-Carrié. Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 60, No. 2 (Jun., 1945), pp. 310-311
 * Freniere, H. Francis. The Hitler trial before the People's Court in Munich. Arlington, Va.: University Publications of America, 1976. Print. Questia.


 * Non-Western Interests: **

What were the expectations of the following groups as they entered into the Versailles peace negotiations: Japan, China, Arabs in the former Ottoman Empire, delegates from colonial territories (India, Indochina, Australia/New Zealand, etc.)?

Japan:
 * Japan demanded Shandong, a territory that they won from first great war because Germany lost its Spheres of influence in Qingdao, a major city of Shandong.
 * Demanded racial equality by the Racial Equality Proposal of 1919 due to unequal treatment and treaties when going against the Powers.

China:
 * China wanted Shandong as well, because they claimed that it was mainly Chinese. There were many famous Chinese roots there, such as the birthplace of Confucius.
 * Mr Lou Tseng-Tsiang, a representative of China claimed representation of China on the Commission for the League of Nations.
 * Wanted to be a representative of the Commission on International Control of Ports, Waterways and Railways.

Arabs in the former Ottoman Empire:
 * Mainly wanted Palestine for themselves. They did not want the Jews to control Palestine.

Delegates from colonial territories:
 * India:
 * Wanted more freedom from the control of the British Empire, mainly in cultural and economic aspects.


 * Indochina:
 * Wanted freedom from French control.


 * Australia/New Zealand:
 * Australia wanted to annex New Guinea.

To what extent were the negotiations carried out to take their considerations into account? Did they leave Versailles pleased or disappointed in the results? Why?

Japan: China: Arabs in the former Ottoman Empire: Delegates from colonial territories:
 * Japan did gain the province of Shandong, so they were happy in leaving Versailles. However, in the racial equality aspect, they were not. They did not receive the equality that they thought they needed at the time, as it was rejected by the Big Four in the peace negotiations.
 * The Shandong Problem was an agreement that China would side with the allies as long as they received Shandong back. They left Versailles disappointed and angry because they lost a famous city, where Confucius has its roots, as well as lost to Japan, who they were competing with for the single most powerful Asian country. The Chinese claimed that this was a breach of rules on popular sovereignty.
 * The British negotiated with the French and came up with a secret agreement the the Arabs in the Middle East. The British and French would control the area until Arabs were capable of ruling the Ottoman Empire themselves. Due to this sudden loss of land, the Arabs started rioting and protesting against the British and French governments. At first they were happy to leave Versailles, because they would receive assistance on regaining their land back. However, due to the sudden loss of land, they became angry towards the governments of the British and the French.

India: Indochina:
 * The British did not want India to have any sort of freedom and so they began to eliminate any threats to the British Empire’s rule. The Indians were shocked at the violence displayed, because they had helped out the British so much, especially with providing a large army. Indian nationalists retaliated and began to call for independence from the British, which then initiated the Indian Revolution.
 * The Vietnamese started to protest by the leader, Pierre Pasquier, until his death in 1934. They held many protests regarding the the little number of workers they had in the workforce.

Australia/New Zealand:
 * Australia eventually receives New Guinea in 1929.

From the perspective of these interests, to what extent were Wilson’s 14 Points and the resultant Versailles treaty honored? To what extent were they misleading? To what extent might they have considered the Versailles Treaty a failure in bringing meaningful peace?

Failures:
 * Wilson’s 14 points ended but being a total failure because there was a large Allied bias in the 14 points. Wilson's 14 points promised to restore peace in Europe. However, the opposite was true, because the plan was created without consulting with other countries that were affected by the war, so those countries had different plans in mind, opposite to the compromises stated in the 14 points. It concentrated on things that were more important to the US, as well as things that benefited the British or the US the most. They did not allow for self determination of many different countries, which upset many countries, such as India. The treaty was not honored within the non-western countries, as it is not helping them, but rather taking things away from the countries, such as self determination and territory.

Works Cited:

"Wilson's Fourteen Points: a Path to Peace or to Renewed Conflict." __123HelpMe.com__. 08 Oct 2013 < [|__http://www.123HelpMe.com/view.asp?id=23386__] >.

"Vietnam and the French." By Sanderson Beck. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Oct. 2013. < [|__http://san.beck.org/20-10-VietnamandFrench.html__] >.

Neiberg, Michael S. "World War I: Paris 1919 and the Origins of World War II: The Paris Peace Settlement and the World Outside Europe." World at War: Understanding Conflict and Society. ABC-CLIO, 2013. Web. 7 Oct. 2013.

“Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 35, No. 3, Supplement (Sep., 1920), pp. 142-147” [|__The Academy of Political Science__] __<__http://www.jstor.org/stable/2142456>

=Versailles and the Soviet Union= What were the stipulations of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk of 1918 between Germany and Lenin’s Bolshevik government? To what extent was this treaty observed or honored at Versailles? Why or why not?
 * Russia renounced its claim on many of its Eastern Europe holdings the majority of which were ceded to the Germans who intended to create german elite oligarchies there.
 * Russia transferred back to the Ottoman Empire the lands it had taken during a previous war, notably Ardahan, Kars, and Batumi. In addition, Russia recognized Armenians’ rights to self determination.
 * A further agreement was made in August of 1918. This one centered on economics and stipulated that Russia pay Germany six billions marks in war reparations.
 * The treaty was essentially obsolete within the year; eight months after its inception, in November 1918, Germany broke all diplomatic ties with Soviet Russia and by November 13th the Soviet Union had annulled the treaty.
 * The German Armistice and Treaty of Versailles went further went back on the terms of the treaty by forcing Germany to give up the formerly Russian lands it had accumulated through the treaty, such as Poland,Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Belarus, Ukraine, and Lithuania.

Why was the Soviet Union not represented at the Paris Peace Conference? To what extent was the Soviet Union, in its absence, considered in the negotiations? To what extent did this affect the treaty?
 * The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk rendered any ally agreements between Russia and the Allied Powers obsolete; at the end of the war, Russia was no longer considered to be on the winning (Allied) side.
 * The Soviet Union was specifically excluded due to its communist government. Though most of the world’s countries were extended an invitation to the conference, Germany and Russia were both barred from attending.
 * The treaty lacked any provisions made or influenced by the Russian government; representatives of Russian interest were absent from its making.

To what extent did the Soviet issue in the Paris peace negotiations have an effect on the USSR’s relations with the rest of Europe and the United States in the inter-war period to follow (1919-39)?
 * The Soviet Union was bitter and resentful towards the Allied powers because of its exclusion in the Paris peace proceedings
 * The land Russia had ceded in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk faced territorial disputes after the end of the war
 * Bolsheviks rightly worried that areas such as Ukraine would become revolutionary hotspots and they did, prolonging the Russian Civil War
 * The Polish Soviet War did not end until 1921
 * While Russian gained back most of its Ukrainian territory, Poland and the Baltics became independent republics until 1939
 * Russia’s resentment of losing what it saw as its rightful territory created a desire to gain said territory back and contributed both to increasing Russian tensions with Western countries and to the start of the war on the Russian side

Bibliography
 * Czernin von und zu Chudenitz, Ottokar Theobald Otto Maria (1920). In the World War. New York and London: Harper & Brothers. Internet Archive, retrieved 28 February 2009.
 * Haffner, Sebastian (1988). Die Teufelspakt: Die Deutsch-Russischen Beziehungen Vom Ersten Zum Zweiten Weltkrieg. Manesse. ISBN 3-7175-8121-X.
 * Rene Albrecht-Carrie, Diplomatic History of Europe Since the Congress of Vienna (1958) p 363
 * Ruth Fischer, Stalin and German Communism: A Study in the Origins of the State Party (New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transition Books, 1982) p. 32-36.

=The Big Four Wiki=

The Big 4 at the Paris Peace Conference
-America, Britain, Japan, France

-Decide what to do with Germany

Messieurs Georges "Le Tigre" Clemenceau
-France head of State

-Extremely Nationalistic

-Affected by Public Opinion

-Delayed the Paris Peace Conference

-Possibly wanted to learn more about Wilson

-Waited for the Armistice to be Extended by Supreme War Council

-Diminished Wilson's power to Delegate

-Equal to the other Heads of State present at conference

-Established himself as President of the Peace Conference

-Controlled conversation

-skilled orator

-delegates had few opportunities to speak

<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Noteworthy,serif; font-size: 10pt;">-DESPOT not DEMOCRACY!!!!!!

<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Noteworthy,serif; font-size: 10pt;">-AT the Paris Peace Conference

<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Noteworthy,serif; font-size: 10pt;">-Wanted to establish a League of Nations

<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Noteworthy,serif; font-size: 10pt;">-Alliance between Britain and France if Germany attacked

<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Noteworthy,serif; font-size: 10pt;">-Protection from Germany

<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Noteworthy,serif; font-size: 10pt;">-recover losses from war

<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Noteworthy,serif; font-size: 10pt;">-spread international power of France

<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Noteworthy,serif; font-size: 10pt;">**would not sign into League of Nations unless Germany guaranteed Non-Agression (and was upheld by Lloyd George and Woodrow Wilson)**

<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Noteworthy,serif; font-size: 10pt;">Woodrow Wilson
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Noteworthy,serif; font-size: 10pt;">-American Representative at the PPC

<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Noteworthy,serif; font-size: 10pt;">-UNAFFECTED by public opinion over actions (kept his position regardless of actions at PPC)

<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Noteworthy,serif; font-size: 10pt;">-Famous to the French People

<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Noteworthy,serif; font-size: 10pt;"> -known for morality and activism for human rights

<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Noteworthy,serif; font-size: 10pt;"> -odd obsession with him

<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Noteworthy,serif; font-size: 10pt;">-At the Paris Peace Conference (PPC)

<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Noteworthy,serif; font-size: 10pt;">-Idea of the League of Nations

<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Noteworthy,serif; font-size: 10pt;"> -prevent wars by creating a global connection

<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Noteworthy,serif; font-size: 10pt;"> -MORAL solutions, ETHICAL responsability

<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Noteworthy,serif; font-size: 10pt;">-14 points

<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Noteworthy,serif; font-size: 10pt;"> -basically limited weapon use, increased international freedoms, and sought to eliminate conflict through 14 overarching principles.

<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Noteworthy,serif; font-size: 10pt;">-peace!!!!!!!!

<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Noteworthy,serif; font-size: 10pt;">Lloyd George
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Noteworthy,serif; font-size: 10pt;"> -Britain

<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Noteworthy,serif; font-size: 10pt;"> -Affected by public opinion with his actions

<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Noteworthy,serif; font-size: 10pt;"> -At the Paris Peace Conference

<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Noteworthy,serif; font-size: 10pt;"> -wanted to appease public opinion

<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Noteworthy,serif; font-size: 10pt;"> -political and social advantages in attending

<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Noteworthy,serif; font-size: 10pt;">` -not very consistent in policy creation

<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Noteworthy,serif; font-size: 10pt;"> -really wanted to screw with Germany (see, you won’t forget that now will ya?)

<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Noteworthy,serif; font-size: 10pt;"> -gain land in Africa

<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Noteworthy,serif; font-size: 10pt;"> -force debt repayment

<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Noteworthy,serif; font-size: 10pt;"> -speculation that he wanted to split the council of 10 into the council of 4

<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Noteworthy,serif; font-size: 10pt;"> -Really nice guy, apparently

<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Noteworthy,serif; font-size: 10pt;"> -Friends talked of his hearty attitude (hehe hearty heart heart)

<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Noteworthy,serif; font-size: 10pt;"> -and I quote, “eyes were keen and twinkling”

<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Noteworthy,serif; font-size: 10pt;">Signor Orlando
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Noteworthy,serif; font-size: 10pt;"> -Italy

<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Noteworthy,serif; font-size: 10pt;"> -Didn’t speak a whole lot of English (translator)

<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Noteworthy,serif; font-size: 10pt;"> -ToK connection

<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Noteworthy,serif; font-size: 10pt;"> -How would this affect the proceedings of the Convention?

<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Noteworthy,serif; font-size: 10pt;"> -At the Paris Peace Conference

<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Noteworthy,serif; font-size: 10pt;"> -Expand Italy

<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Noteworthy,serif; font-size: 10pt;"> -economically as well as territorially

<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Noteworthy,serif; font-size: 10pt;"> -City of Fiume for Trade with Jugo-Slavs

<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Noteworthy,serif; font-size: 10pt;"> -Self-Determinism influenced the Italian Demands

<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Noteworthy,serif; font-size: 10pt;"> -Had a difficult time accepting the Wilson Idealism that seemed so unrealistic

<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Noteworthy,serif; font-size: 10pt;"> -affected by the public opinion as to the things he said

<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Noteworthy,serif; font-size: 10pt;"> -Legal background led to thorough arguments

WORKS CITED:

Lansing, Robert. //<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans',sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">The Big Four and Others of the Peace Conference //. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1921. //<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans',sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Questia School //. Web. 8 Oct. 2013.