1-WWI+New+Eastern+Europe

__**What were the conditions for the creation of the Polish state in 1919, and to what extent was it a representation of Wilson’s 14 Points? **__  In regards to Wilson’s 14 points The thirteenth point states: “An independent Polish state should be erected which should include the territories inhabited by indisputably Polish populations, which should be assured a free and secure access to the sea, and whose political and economic independence and territorial integrity should be guaranteed by international covenant.”  The Polish State came about as a result of the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. The Treaty of Versailles explicitly ceded provinces of Posen and West Prussia to Poland. (Although, Poland already had most of the province of Posen due to the Greater Poland Uprising 1918-1919). Furthermore, the Eastern part of upper Silesia was assigned to Poland as well. Soldau (a railway junction) in East Prussia was also assigned to Poland. Poland also got access to the Baltic Sea through the Polish Corridor. The borders were fixed after the Polish Soviet War. This was very important to the Polish, because it upheld their history and allowed the continuation of the coherence of their people.

__**What were the causes & effects of the Polish Soviet War of 1919-21? **__ The Polish-Soviet War (1919-1921) in a nutshell: armed conflict between Soviet Russia and Soviet Ukraine against the Second Polish Republic and the Ukrainian People’s Republic over the land that is now known as Ukraine and Belarus. Causes: Effects:
 * Poland was internally politically and economically highly unstable and was constantly in one external conflict or another. It had recently been in and won a conflict with the West Ukrainian National Republic and was already jumping into conflicts with Germany and Czechoslovakia
 * There was no competition in Lenin's mind- it was an obvious win. He thought of Poland as an obstacle that the Red Army had to defeat in order for other communist movements to take place and European revolutions to happen
 * The collapse of the Russian Empire caused a civil war and the Bolshevik Revolution. Just like Poland, Russia was also dealing with major internal instability. Before any improvement could be made though, the Bolsheviks thought it was necessary to defeat surrounding enemies so that the Bolsheviks could expand
 * The Soviets thought this war as an opportunity to spread their revolution into Western Europe and prove their dominance
 * Jozef Pilsudski, a prominent Polish leader, thought it was time to expand Polish borders east. Russia also had plans to imperialize.
 * Polish mathematicians who finished their studies from Warsaw University decoded Russian secret codes and messages through radio waves and figured out that Soviet peace proposals in 1919 with Poland were fake and Russia was instead, currently preparing an attack against Poland
 * The formation of the Second Polish Republic gave Poland contested territory between Poland and Russia. Russia did not particularly favor this situation
 * Poland wanted to create a grouping among the East central European states, mainly serving as a defensive tactic: so that there could be a federation that could counterweight and to some extent, restrain imperialist intentions of Russia or Germany. The grouping included Baltic States (Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia), Ukraine, Belarus, Finland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, and Hungary. Of course, Russia was not ok with this
 * In the Polish-Ukrainian War, Poland was victorious and owned much of Western Ukraine. Russia did not like Poland gaining that much land/power
 * Jozef Pilsudski's Miedzymorse Project was thrown in the trash
 * Soviets stopped working towards their goal of international revolution for about a whole generation. It was 20 years later till the Bolsheviks decided to send armies abroad to cause a revolution
 * Poland and Russian disputed territories in Belarus and Ukraine were split with the Peace of Riga, signed March 18th, 1921
 * Since Poland broke their treaty with Ukraine by signing another treaty, tension between Poland and Ukrainian minority worsened. Advocators of Petilura were mad that their Polish ally betrayed them. Furthermore, they were not at all happy with the assimilation policies towards minorities
 * Since Poland went into this war already highly unstable, they came out of it with resources completely depleted. Public opinion opposed any extension of war
 * This war had a huge influence on Polish military doctrine, adding the dimension of emphasis on the mobility of elite cavalry units
 * Around one million poles were stuck in Soviet Russia and were persecuted simply on religious or political basis
 * Poland did not keep all the territories it had control over at the end because of their loss in the Battle of Warsaw. Soviets offered Poland peace delegation territorial concession in the contested borders

__**How did the Polish state respond to being placed in between the rise of German Nazism and of Soviet Communism? What were the consequences for Wilson’s principle of democratic national self- determination? **__

In 1922, after the Polish-Soviet War, Poland established (or at least tried to establish) their own democratic government. However, the country was currently facing a lot of economic, social and political distress that was partly in due to the rise of German Nazism and Soviet Communism. Jozef Pilsduski, who realized this chaos, overthrew the democracy and became dictator in 1926 (called the coup of 1926). However, he quickly resigned because he felt he couldn't work with very limiting power given to the exec utive branch. He still supervised many decisions though. In 1935, a new Polish Constitution was created that gave the president a good amount of power. Unfortunately, Pilsduski died in May and the constitution inherently weakened. This led to Poland being taken over by wealthy politicians who started a "non-party" system. In 1937, Poland was under the Camp of National Unity (OZN). The OZN spread a lot of ideas based off principles including nationalism, organization, and social justice. In addition to this rapid political change, the Polish military increased mutability of their cavalry units just in case German Nazis or Soviet Communists decided to attack. //President Woodrow Wilson's Quote on Nationalism:// "National aspirations must be respected; people may now be dominated and governed only by their own consent. Self determination is not a mere phrase; it is an imperative principle of action. . . . "

The force that drove Poland to make their own decisions when it came to territory was national self-determination. Polish people named all the places that majorly consisted of Polish population. However, the Soviets believed that this territory belonged to them. Self-determination is the root cause as to why the Polish people fought for the disputed areas, and consequently, combat imperialistic endeavors of German Nazism and Soviet Communism.

Bibliography Biskupski, M. B. "Re-Creating Central Europe: The United States 'Inquiry' into the Future of Poland in 1918." 2nd ser.  12 (1990): 249-79. JSTOR. Web. 05 Oct. 2013.< [|__http://www.jstor.org/stable/40106179__] >. Medoff, Rafael. "America, the Holocaust, and the Abandonment of the Jews." Journal of Ecumenical Studies 4.40  (2003): n. pag. Questia School. Web. 05 Oct. 2013. < [|__http://www.questiaschool.com/read/1G1-136342697/america-the-holocaust-and-the-abandonment-of-the__] >. "Modern History Sourcebook: Woodrow Wilson:Speech on the Fourteen Points Jan 8, 1918." Modern History  Sourcebook: Woodrow Wilson: Fourteen Points, 1918. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Oct. 2013. < [|__http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1918wilson.html__] >

=__** Turkey & the Eastern Mediterranean **__= === **What were the factors that led to the Mandate System in former Ottoman lands in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Persian Gulf region? To what extent did the Versailles Treaty process drive this condition**? (visuals) ===
 * After the defeat of Germany and Ottoman Turkey during WWI, their Asian and African territories were taken and distributed among the Allied powers as they were not fit to govern themselves. This was done under Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations (an Allied powers creations from the war). The mandate system was created by the Allies nations as they wanted to keep the former German and Turkish colonies. The annexation of territory was never one of their goals during the war.
 * The mandate system contained three parts based on geographical location and political/economics development. They were then placed under the control of an Allied nation who were considered "mandatories."
 * Mandate class A consisted of the former Turkish provinces of Iraq, Syria, Lebanon and Palestine. These nations were put under to mandate due to the fact they were considered advanced. Iraq and Palestine (including modern Jordan and Israel) were assigned to Great Britain. Syria and Lebanon were assigned to France, but by 1949, all of these nations had obtained independence.
 * Mandate class B consisted of the former German-controlled African provinces of Tanganyika, Togoland, the Cameroons and Ruansa-Urundi. Tanganyika (now part of Tanzania) was assigned to Britain, the Cameroons and Togoland were assigned to France, and Ruanda-Urundi was assigned to Belgium.
 * Mandate class C consisted of various former German territories such as South West Africa which was assigned to South Africa, New Guinea which was assigned to Australia, Western Samoa which was assigned to New Zealand, Islands north of the equator assigned to Japan and Naura assigned to Australia, Britain and New Zealand.
 * This mandate was put into place after the victory of the Allied forces after WWI which was solidified with the Treaty of Versailles of 1919. Through this treaty, many German territories were allotted among the Allied Powers on May 7, 1919. On the other hand, the former Ottoman territories were addressed in the Treaty of Sèvres of 1920 and finalized in the Treaty of Lausanne of 1923. Lastly, the Turkish territories were distributed during the Conference of Sanremo of 1920.

** What were the reform efforts pursued by “the Father of the Turks”, Mustafa Kemal? To what extent were they successful? (visuals) **

 * Mustard Kemal was a very prominent character after the conclusion of the WWI beginning in May of 1919 when he began a nationalist revolution in. Anatolia. His goal of the revolution was to organize resistance against the peace settlement that was being enforced on Turkey by the newly victorious Allied forces. They focused their resistance on the Greeks as they were trying to seize Smyrna, but the revolution was successful and allowed Kemal to revise the peace settlement in the Treaty of Lausanne. Two years later, in 1921, he established a provisional government in Ankara and in 1923 he established a single party regime after the Ottoman Sultanate was abolished in 1920. His regime lasted smoothly until 1945.
 * During his regime, he launched a major series of social and political reform with the goal being to modernize Turkey and have the nation get up to speed with the rest of the world. These reforms included....
 * The emancipation of women
 * The abolition of Islamic institutions
 * This also included the introduction of Western culture which was seen in the legal system, in the dress of civilians, as well as in the calendar and script (replaced Arabic script with a Latin script)
 * Internationally, the nation was neutral and had positive relations with surrounding nations
 * He was given the surname Atatürk meaning "Father of the Turks" in 1935 when they began to more heavily adapt western practices such as the tradition of having a surname.
 * While some traditional Turks were very much against these new Westernized practices and cultural innovations, the majority of the Turks wholeheartedly embraced these reforms to their society, resulting in the reforms being quite successful. In the end, they helped the Turkish empire modernize and move towards the future and helped the nation catch up with the rest of the world. While it did get rid of many traditional ways of life for Turks, it helped them begin to try and compete with the rest of the world.

===** What were the causes & effects of the Greco-Turkish War of 1919-22? To what extent were its acts of ethnic cleansing extensions of the Great War? (visuals) **===
 * __Causes:__
 * After WWI, nation-wide exhaustion from constant military involvement had taken its toll on politics in Athens and in return for their strong support, they received eastern Thrace and the millet of Smyrna through the Treaty of Sèvres in 1920. The treaty also officially ended WWI in Asia Minor.
 * While they may have received that land through the treaty, many Turks were not willing to accept Grecian control, such as Turkish revolutionary leader Kemal. At this time, Kemal was organizing the Turkish National Movement in Anatolia in order to gain control. These revolutionaries also refused to acknowledge the Treaty of Sèvres and instead, saw the new Greek control as their land being given to the enemy by their weak Ottoman government. They needed to defend their land and their government which was rightfully their's. While the majority of Smyrna welcomed the Greek troops as liberators, the Turkish population saw them as an invading force and, as a result, resented them.
 * In May of 1919, a Greek force set out to conquer Turkey, focusing first on the heart of the nation, Anatolia. To their surprise, Turkish revolutionary forces led by Kemal resisted, eventually gaining the upper hand in the situation in August of 1922.
 * __Effects:__
 * The Turks were able to retake Smyrna on September 9, leading to an armistice being signed in Anatolia on October 11, 1922. They then had a conference in January of 1923 in Lausanne between all the powers interested in creating peace within this area. What resulted from this specific conflict was that their was repatriation of all civilian internees provided for both sides as well as for all Turkish and an equal number of Greek prisoners of war. The remaining Greek prisoners were repatriated after the signing of the peace treaty in July of that year. Even so, the conflict resulted in hundreds of thousand Greeks fleeing to Asia Minor while thousands of Turks fled to Turkey.
 * __Ethnic Cleansing:__
 * During this conflict and this time period (1914-1923) as a whole, Pontian and Anatolian Greeks were victims of a genocidal project created by the Turks as they attempted to resent the Greeks who were wanting to take over the Ottoman Empire. This project was focused on Christian minorities as well as those of Greek origin. Through this horrible event of "ethnic cleansing," more than 3.5 million Greeks, Armenians and Assyrians were killed whilst living in the Ottoman Empire under the regimes of the Young Turks and the revolutionary leader Mustafa Kemal. By the conclusion of this project, there was a profound rupture in the long historical presence of the Greeks in this area of Asia Minor.
 * Before the war, Greeks were already treated poorly in the Ottoman Empire, but with the Greek forces aiming to take over Turkish lands, the Turks of the Ottoman Empire were infuriated even further and took out these frustrations on the Greeks within their lands.

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** Works Cited **

 * "Ataturk’s Reforms." - All About Turkey. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Oct. 2013.
 * Jensen, Peter Kincaid. "International Journal of Middle East Studies." JSTOR. Cambridge University Press, n.d. Web. 06 Oct. 2013. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/162217?seq=2>.
 * Kuipers, Ronald L. "World War I and the British Mandate." Library of Congress Country Studies. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Oct. 2013. <http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+iq0019)>.
 * "Mandate (League of Nations)." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 06 Oct. 2013. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/361608/mandate>.
 * "The Turkish-Greek Conflict (1919-1923)." The Turkish-Greek Conflict (1919-1923). N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Oct. 2013. <http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/misc/5gke3d.htm>.
 * "Center for the Study of Genocide and Human Rights." The Genocide of Ottoman Greeks, 1914-1923.N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Oct. 2013. <http://www.ncas.rutgers.edu/center-study-genocide-conflict-resolution-and-human-rights/genocide-ottoman-greeks-1914-1923>.

__Czechoslovakia__ __** What were the conditions for the creation of the Czechoslovak republic in 1918-19, and to what extent was it linked to the Versailles treaty process? **__ After the end of World War I, the Treaty of Versailles outlined all the territorial changes that would occur, including the borders of modern day Czechoslovakia. However, in the months after the signing of the Treaty of Versailles finalized the the borders of Czechoslovakia, other factors including the collapse of the Austrian Habsburgs Monarchy, caused for the formation of the Czech state. Czechoslovakia was the result of achieving independence of the Czechs from their Austrian rulers and of the Slovaks from their Hungarian rulers by joining forces. In 1916 prominent Czech and Slovak leaders including Tomas Masaryk the leader of the Czech's and Milan Stefanik a Slovak general, together went to the western powers of the United States, England, and France in order to become recognized as a sovereign nation. Their political party, the Czechoslovak National Council, would be recognized as the government of Czechoslovakia. On May 31, 1918, Czech and Slovak representative in the US signed the Pittsburgh Agreement which established a unified Czecho-Slovak state. Then in October 1918, as Germany and Austria proposed peace plans at the end of WWI, Masaryk declared Czechoslovak independence. This shows that the formation of Czechoslovakia was not a new idea from the Treaty of Versailles, but had been in the works for years. Hungary withdrew from the Habsburg controlled area on November 1, 1918 and attempted to keep control of Slovakia. However, with the approval of the Allied forces, the Czechs occupied Slovakia and forced the Hungarians out. The Allies agreed on the Danube and Ipel rivers as the border between Hungary and Slovakia. Though the Treaty of Versailles outlined some of the land that would be given to the country Czechoslovakia, including the HIucin region, which is south of Poland. It was the treaty of Saint Germain de laye that resulted in Czechoslovakia being recognized as an independent country.

__** What were the challenges faced by the new Czechoslovak state in the decade after the Great War? What were its advantages in this process? **__ Czechoslovakian independence was announced on October 28, 1918. The Slovaks officially joined two days later. Tomas Masayk was declared President and The Treaty of St. Germain formally recognized the new republic in September 1919. The main challenges faced by the Czechoslovak state included dealing with its ethnic diversity, and the different histories, and different religious, cultural, and social traditions of Czechs and Slovaks. The new nation inherited some advantages. Czechoslovakia received 70-80% of the Austro-Hungarian empire industry making Czechoslovakia one of the more industrialized countries in the world by 1929. In the ten years from 1913 - 1929 its gross domestic product increased by 52% and its industrial production by 41%. In the process of becoming a nation they adopted a parliamentary democratic government, and established Czech and Slovak as official languages. The new government was very politically stable and after 1933, Czechoslovakia was the only democracy in central and eastern Europe

__ ** To what extent could Czechoslovakia have been considered the most successful of the newly created Eastern European states by 1928? ** __ After a decade proclaiming their independence in Prague in 1918, Czechoslovakia had become one of the more prosperous countries in Eastern Europe. They inherited over 70% of the industry of the former Austrian-Hungary empire, including the proletarian glass, and sugar refineries, this caused them to have much more industry fueling their economy compared to other countries close to them. Their government was also extremely stable allowing for a strong government to be created. The government was comprised of 5 political parties, which worked together to form a stable government. However the German populated Sudetenland felt that this government was not representing their interests.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #4d4d4d; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11px; vertical-align: baseline;">__Alphonse. "The First Republic of Czechoslovakia - T. G. Masaryk to World War II." My Czech Republic - Czech travel, culture, community. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Oct. 2013. <__ [|__http://www.myczechrepublic.com/czech-history/first-republic.html__] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #4d4d4d; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11px; vertical-align: baseline;">__>.__

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #4d4d4d; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11px; vertical-align: baseline;">__"Terms of the Treaty of Versailles." GCSE Modern World History. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Oct. 2013. <__ [|__http://www.johndclare.net/peace_treaties__]

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #4d4d4d; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11px; vertical-align: baseline;">__"The Treaty of Versailles." History Learning Site. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Oct. 2013. <http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/treat__

**__Hungary (Paul Sim)__**


 * __What were the key events in the process of Hungary’s separation from the Austrian Empire?__**

Within the Austria-Hungary Empire, there were several different ethnic groups causing great tension to rise. Every ethnic group wanted a say in the government. Eventually, with the Treaty of Versailles, Austria and Hungary were able to become independent nations after signing the Treaty of Saint Germain-en-Laye and the Treaty of Trianon. The treaty of Saint Germain-en-Laye, signed on September 10, 1919, established the Republic of Austria, consisting of the reduced, German speaking regions of the Habsburg state. On top of Austria, Hungary also became an independent state after signing the Treaty of Trianon on June 4, 1920. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Hungary ceded Transylvania to Romania; Slovakia and Transcarpathian Rus to the newly formed Czechoslovakia; and other Hungarian crown lands to the future Yugoslavia.


 * __What was the significance of the transition from Bela Kun’s government to the rise of Admiral Horthy?__**

After the Great War, support for democracy was quickly waning. The government’s pacifism, mistaken faith in the goodwill of the Western Powers and the overdue land and social reforms contributed to the decline in the regime’s popularity. Thus, in March 1919, Bela Kun, who belonged to the Social Democratic and Communist parties, and his comrades led the Hungarian Soviet Republic. Support from social democrats, liberal and conservative politicians did not last long. Bela Kun and his comrades attempted to restore Hungary’s pre-World War 1 boundaries but were all unsuccessful. In addition, the communist government was not able to prevent chaos from striking. The government actions nationalized large and middle sized farms, banks, etc, failed to distribute the land equally among the peasants, and destroyed basic civil liberties as well as the building of a state on Soviet model. Also, Red Terror, a series of atrocities aimed at crushing political rivals, ensured the short existence of Communism in Hungary. This all led to the waning popularity of communism and Bela Kun and his followers left power in early August 1919. The next ruler of Hungary, Admiral Miklos Horthy, had to “clean up” after Bela Kun. Horthy was the main instigator of White Terror, a two year period in of repressive violence by counter-revolutionists in order to remove any influences of Hungary’s previous Communist state, which laid the foundation of the Hungarian fascist state.


 * __To what extent were the post-war circumstances in Hungary dictated or affected by the Versailles Treaty?__**

As a result of the defeat, the Austria-Hungary Empire was forced to sign two individual treaties regarding their nations; Treaty of Saint Germain-en-Laye and the Treaty of Trianon. The Treaty of Trianon, which was signed on June 4, 1920, greatly limited Hungary because the treaty greatly reduced the size of Hungary. The treaty made it impossible for Hungary to become big in terms of the economy in order to prevent any Central Power nations from gaining too much power and disrupting peace. Hungary had no access to the majority of their railways. Following the treaty, Hungary had only 38% of the rail line the country used to have during the Austria-Hungary Empire’s existence. This caused Hungary to pay tolls in order to exports goods through multiple rail ways. In addition, the new Hungary was landlocked and had no immediate access to the sea, more specifically the Mediterranean Sea, making Hungary’s several ports impractical. Just like how Hungary had to pay for access to other rail ways, Hungary was forced to pay tariffs in order to get to their docks and ship their goods. In addition to its economic limits, Hungary’s military was also reduced as the limit for the Hungary army was only at 35,000 men and Hungary was not allowed to have neither a navy nor air force. Due to all this, the Treaty of Versailles, which enforced and recognized the Treaty of Trianon, had a great impact on Hungary.


 * __To what extent could Hungary be viewed as an example or as a departure from Wilson’s principles in the__**


 * __14 Points?__**

President Wilson’s principle regarding Hungary was self-determined nationalism. However, Hungary “departs” from these principles in the 14 points

The third point states, “The removal, so far as possible, of all economic barriers and the establishment of an equality of trade conditions among all the nations consenting to the peace and associating themselves for its maintenance.” With the Treaty of Trianon, Hungary actually gained more economic barriers. Hungary was forced to pay more tolls and tariffs in order to export goods (explained in more depth in the previous question)

The tenth point states, “The peoples of Austria-Hungary, whose place among the nations we wish to see safeguarded and assured, should be accorded the freest opportunity of autonomous development.” Hungary was not able to develop due to the many economic barriers, reduced size in their military, limited resources, and a more limited border change.

Biblio

"Avalon Project - President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points." Avalon Project - President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points. Lillian Goldman Law Library, n.d. Web. 06 Oct. 2013. < __ http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/wilson14.asp __ >.

Bodo, Bela. "Paramilitary Violence in Hungary after the First World War." //Questiaschool.com//. Questia, June-July 2004. Web. 5 Oct. 2013. <http://www.questiaschool.com/read/1G1-120464111/paramilitary-violence-in-hungary-after-the-first-world>.

"The Treaty of Trianon and the Dismemberment of Hungary." //The Treaty of Trianon and the Dismemberment of Hungary//. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Oct. 2013. <http://www.americanhungarianfederation.org/FamousHungarians/trianon.htm>.

__ Yugoslavia __ > > > > > > > > > >> > > > > > > > >> >>
 * Yugoslavia was established as the kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes by 1, December 1918 as monarchy.
 * King Alexander banned political parties in 1929 and renamed the region Yugoslavia. This was to mitigate nationalistic notions and reduce separatist movement.
 * Treaty of London (1915)- secret treaty that promised Istria and Dalmatia, with a Italian minority and majority slavs, to Italy in exchange for rome as a front to enter the war. Serbia was not informed and also ignored.
 * What were the conditions that led to the creation of Yugoslavia in 1918-19, and to what extent was it linked to the Versailles treaty process? **
 * Collapse of Habsburg and Austria-hungary due to ethnic problems caused their territory to be broken up and rationed amongst Poland, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia), and Czechoslovakia.
 * Treaty of Versailles was the first document to recognize the kingdom of Serbs Croats and Slovenes as a state and that they all signed at the Paris Peace Conference and also recognition of the unification by the main powers.
 * Formation of the Yugoslav committee in london 1915 - they began to raise funds, especially among South Slavs living in the Americas. These Yugoslavs were Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes who identified themselves with the movement toward a single Yugoslav or South Slavic state
 * St Vitus's Day Constitution in 1921 - National Council of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs and decisions on the unification of Vojvodina and Montenegro with Serbia. It perceived centralism of the state and national unity.
 * What were the challenges faced by the new Yugoslav state in the decade after the Great War? What were its advantages in this process? **
 * King Alexander I (of Yugoslavia) faced opposition from foreign nations who didn’t favor his policies. France and Italy wanted to revise the treaty of versailles while Soviets wanted to regain their position in Europe through more active international policy.
 * Boundary Disputes: main conflict was by two wartime allies: Italy and Romania, treaties with neighboring countries of Austria, Bulgaria and Hungary would help mitigate but not solve.
 * Rapallo Treaty -The November 12, 1920 Treaty of Rapallo was a treaty between Italy and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (the later Yugoslavia) by which the latter was forced to give up parts of its Slovenian and Croatian territory - Istria, the city of Zadar, and the islands of Cres, Losinj, Lastovo and Palagruza - some of which contained substantial Italian populations. This agreement also established Rijeka as a free state, but this latter provision did not come to fruition.
 * no way to divide power equally, Serbs wanted to centralize however was against other’s motives.
 * fights and assassinations such as the assassination in federal parliament of Croat political leaders, including Stjepan Radić, who opposed the Serbian monarch's absolutism, also human rights abuses which brought concerns to the Human Rights League
 * Different concepts of the new state - main control given to Serbs, as Serbs were the majority, they viewed the new state as simply an extension of the Kingdom of Serbia, however Croats and slovenes viewed it as a new place to rule autonomously
 * To what extent could Yugoslavia be viewed as an example or a departure from Wilson’s principles in the 14 Points? **
 * frontier problem with Italy in Istria and the Dalmatian coast, Rumania in the Banat
 * an international problem arises out of the refusal of the Croats to accept the domination of the Serbs of the Serbian Kingdom
 * a problem of the Mohammedan Serbs of Bosnia who are said to be loyal to the Habsburgs. They constitute a little less than one-third of the population
 * To what extent was it a cure for the ills that plagued the Balkans up to 1914, and to what extent was it a continuation of those ills? **
 * Kosovo Myth - Yugoslav nationalists took over the myth with the creation of the south slav state, saying it was revenge to the defeat at Kosovo and affirmation of it’s divine creation.
 * on Kosovo field in 1389, a Christian force was defeated by it’s Ottoman counterpart as part of an Ottoman expansion. Bosnians, Albanians, and Serbs all commemorated with folk songs, however it was the Serbs who turned the defeat on Kosovo into a strong nationalistic myth. It had a hostility towards Albanians, saying that they were subhuman.
 * helped separate the Croats, Serbs, and Yugoslavs
 * hostilities between nations, nationalism continued creating conflicts despite reduced conflict after the Great War.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #4d4d4d; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11px; vertical-align: baseline;">"Arhiv Jugoslavije - December 1 Act, December 1, 1918." Архив Југославије - Почетна. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Oct. 2013. < [|__http://www.arhivyu.gov.rs/active/en/home/glavna_navigacija/leksikon_jugoslavije/konstitutivni_akti_jugoslavije/prvodecembarski_akt.html__] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #4d4d4d; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11px; vertical-align: baseline;">>.
 * Sources Cited**

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #4d4d4d; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11px; vertical-align: baseline;">"The Curse Of Kosovo -- New Internationalist." New Internationalist. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Oct. 2013. < [|__http://newint.org/features/1993/09/05/curse/__] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #4d4d4d; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11px; vertical-align: baseline;">>.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #4d4d4d; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11px; vertical-align: baseline;">"Versailles and Yugoslavia: ninety years on | openDemocracy." openDemocracy. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Oct. 2013. < [|__http://www.opendemocracy.net/article/versailles-and-yugoslavia-ninety-years-on__] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #4d4d4d; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11px; vertical-align: baseline;">>.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #4d4d4d; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11px; vertical-align: baseline;">Territory and National Identity: Examples from the Former Yugoslavia DAVID STOREY Geography, Vol. 87, No. 2 (April 2002), pp. 108-115

"Treaty of Versailles, 1919." //Treaty of Versailles, 1919//. Ushmm, n.d. Web. 07 Oct. 2013. <http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005425>.